{"id":654,"date":"2019-11-13T16:02:02","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T16:02:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/brhrd.be\/?p=654"},"modified":"2025-10-18T10:13:35","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T10:13:35","slug":"arbitrary-execution-in-egypt-right-to-life","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654","title":{"rendered":"ARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT \u2028Right To Life"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Universal Periodic\nReview | Egypt | 34th Session<\/strong>ARBITRARY EXECUTION\nIN EGYPT
\n<\/strong>Right To Life<\/p>\n\n\n\n

March \u2013 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

L’organisation \u2018 BRUSSELS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND\nDEVELOPMENT BHR AISBL \u2018 est une organisation belge ind\u00e9pendante fond\u00e9e \u00e0 but\nnon lucratif. L\u2019organisation, bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Bruxelles, s\u2019occupe de la d\u00e9fense des\ndroits de l \u2019Homme et du D\u00e9veloppement. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 fond\u00e9e officiellement en\n2018 par un groupe de d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l’homme.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’organisation travaille pour \u00e0 ce que tous les\nindividus au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord jouissent de la justice et de\nla libert\u00e9 sous la protection de la loi et les principes de la d\u00e9mocratie, tout\nen participant \u00e0 l’am\u00e9lioration et au d\u00e9veloppement de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 travers le\nComit\u00e9 africain des droits de l’homme et des peuples.           \n<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

An\nindependent human rights foundation aims at supporting and protecting justice\nand human rights. It operates according to the rules, mechanisms and systems of\nthe international organizations and has a significant partnership with the\nconcerned organizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nFoundation aims to protect and promote human rights, in accordance with the\ninternational standards adopted by the United Nations and the relevant\ninternational covenants and conventions, and to support and defend the\noppressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\nIntroduction:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arbitrary execution is a description of official State killings,\nwhether by direct killing or summary executions that violate the standards and\nguarantees of fair trials; the protection of human rights must be the principal\nobjective of all political systems. The purpose of this report is to highlight\nthe death penalty in Egypt, especially arbitrary executions during the four\nyears 2014-2018, which threaten the right to life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\nOverview of the death penalty in Egypt from 1981 to 2018:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unofficial\nstatistics by number of civil society organizations, that monitored the death\npenalty in Egypt, indicate the issuance of death sentences as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From\n1981 to 1990, there were  “179”\ndeath sentences and 35 people were executed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From\n1991 to 2001, there were at least “678” death sentences and 213\npeople were executed. In 1999 alone, at least 108 people were sentenced to\ndeath, including 12 women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From\n2002 to 2006, 280 death sentences were handed down in Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\n2007, more than 40 death sentences were handed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\n2008, at least 87 death sentences were handed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\n2009, at least 269 death sentences were handed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\n2010, 185 death sentences were handed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\n2011, 123 death sentences were handed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\n2012, 91 death sentences were handed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From\n2013 to 2018 more than 1,500 death sentences were handed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\nDeath penalty in Egyptian legislation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ndeath penalty and its application in Egypt constitute a threat to the human\nright to life, especially with the existence of more than 105 criminal offences\nare punished by execution, as stipulated in Egyptian Penal Code No. 58 of 1937,\nMilitary Provisions No. 25 of 1966 and Arms and Ammunition Act No. 394 of 1954,\nAnd the anti-terrorism Act No. 94 of 2014 and the Anti-Narcotics Act No. 182 of\n1960. The crimes that entail the imposition of the death penalty are not\nprecise and could be open to interpretation, leading to the arbitrariness of\nthe issuance of these provisions, as well as the extension of the Egyptian\nlegislator of the death penalty to entail other crimes that don’t fall within\nthe scope of the most serious crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Death penalty and the\nIslamic law:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nEgyptian government always invokes Islamic law when addressing the abolition of\nthe death penalty, reducing it or replacing it with another punishment, while\nwe find that Islamic law seeks to prevent all kinds of punishments which are\nwell below the death penalty, where there is in the principles of Islamic law\nan explicit statement that says: “No\npenalty (is given) on suspicious proof”<\/em> – the suspicious proof means –\na flaw in the absolute certainty of the matter, if the suspicious proof exists\nthen the penalty must be stopped against this specific subject or crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nprinciple of “self-preservation” has always been defined in the\nprinciples of Islamic law, that is to say, to prevent the human spirit from\nbeing lost and to seriously seek the prevention of the death penalty. This is\nin keeping with article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, stated\nas The right to life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Death\nsentences in Egypt during the four years preceding the universal periodic\nreview:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Through monitoring and documentation,\nwe found that the death sentences in Egypt are mostly issued by an exceptional\nand abnormal courts, known as the Terrorism Chambers or Military Justice, as\nfollows,
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Constitution of 2014\nstates in article 97 that “no person shall be tried except in front of his\nnatural judge and that exceptional courts are prohibited”. On 23 December,\nthe Egyptian Minister of Justice issued Decree No. 10412 of 2013 to allocate\ncriminal services to the consideration of terrorism cases. On 26 December, the\nPresident of the Appeal Court of Cairo decided to set up special chambers in\nCairo composed of judges from the criminal courts, called the Terrorism\nChambers, in contravention of the General Assembly’s decision to distribute\njudicial work in accordance with the Judicial Authority Law No. 46 of\n1972.  Moreover, each Appeals Chamber at\nthe level of the Republic has allocated one or more departments to deal with\nterrorism cases. The decision to choose a particular court or judge to consider\na particular case is illegal and represents a waste of the original basis of\nthe Egyptian judiciary and the judiciary law. These courts have issued harsh\nsentences of both imprisonment and execution.
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Military courts -the military\njudiciary- in Egypt that had a large share in the issuance of death sentences\nare actually exceptional courts, composed of military personnel, for the\nconsideration and adjudication of crimes referred to it by the Public\nProsecution or the Military Prosecution according to law No. 136 of 2014, on\nthe protection of public and vital installations, and the subordination of\ncrimes related to it to the military judiciary, in violation of the provisions\nof Article 204 of the Egyptian Constitution 2014.
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From\nMarch 2015 to February 2016, JHR noted that the Egyptian authorities carried\nout the death sentence of 52 people, who were sentenced to death from\nexceptional judicial and military courts mentioned in the previous paragraphs,\nwhile 48 people – We have documented information that they will be executed in\nthe coming days – as a result of judgments issued by the same courts referred\nto in this report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Death sentence lack\nfair trial guarantees<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

While\nreviewing the death sentences in cases of a political nature, we found that\nthese sentences lack the following guarantees:
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deprive\nfrom being tried before the natural independent judge, whereby:
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Death\nsentences by exceptional courts known as \u201cExceptional terrorist circuits that\nare formed in contrary to the Egyptian Constitution and the Deposition To Whom\nIt May Concern<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentences\nby the Military Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentences\nbased on the National Security officers of the Interior Ministry\ninvestigations, while the death sentenced should be handed down when the\ntribunal has no doubt the defendant committed the crime through facts and\nevidences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Death\nsentences against citizens who were forced to confess crimes under torture, in\ncontrary to the Article 14-3 (g), which stipulates: \u201cNot to be compelled to\ntestify against himself or to confess guilt\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentences\nagainst individuals subjected to Enforced disappearances, arbitrary detention,\nand torture. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentences\nagainst individuals deprived from the right to defense, while being\ninvestigated before the Public Prosecution.
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Violation\nof the right of defense in many cases, as follows:
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ndefendants were not allowed to get defense witnesses, there were only the\nprosecution witnesses, most of them are officials of the Executive Authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Failure\nto respond to defense requests, in respect of technical evidence, and request\nthe recall of competent experts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Failure\nto enable the defense to seek a review of cases in which civilians are tried\nbefore military courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ntrial sessions are held at the headquarters of the Ministry of the Interior\n(the police authority). The trial sessions are still held outside the courts,\neither at the police academy or in the police secretaries’ institute in Tura,\nsouth of Cairo, since July 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\nMass Death sentences in Egypt
\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

During\nthe last four years, nineteen judges in unfair mass trials handed down 1056\ndeath sentences.
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

200\ndeath sentences were handed down against civilians by the military exceptional\ncourts, which is not internationally recognized.
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\nstatement of the names of judges and the number of sentences they handed down:
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe first place comes Judge \u201cMohammed Nagy Shehata\u201d that handed down (263)\njudgements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe second place comes Judge \u201cSaid Sabry\u201d who handed down (220) death\nsentences, he is the highest ever judge to refer cases to the Mufti, (683)\ndefendants were referred in the case known as \u201cAl-Adwa incidents in Minya\ngovernorate-Upper Egypt\u201d, then he sentenced (183) citizens to death, after\ncreating a stir in Egypt and the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Third place comes Judge \u201cShaaban Al-Shamy\u201d who handed down (160) death\nsentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Forth place comes Judge \u201cHassan Farid\u201d who handed down (147) death\nsentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Fifth place comes Judge \u201cMohammed Sherin Fahmy\u201d who handed down (46) death\nsentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Sixth place comes Judge \u201cSaid Youssef Saad\u201d who handed down (37) death\nsentences, he previously referred (528) citizens to the Mufti in the case known\nas \u201cMatay incidents\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Seventh place comes Judge \u201cMoataz Khafagy\u201d who handed down (30) death\nsentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Eighth place comes Judge \u201cOsama Abdelzaher\u201d who handed down (26) death\nsentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Ninth place comes Judge \u201cSalah Heriz\u201d who handed down (21) death sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Judge\n\u201cShabib Al-Damarany\u201d also handed down (21) death sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Tenth place comes Judge \u201cAlaa Shogaa\u201d who handed down (18) death sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Eleventh place comes Judges \u201cNabeel Salib\u201d and Judge \u201cFarhan Batran\u201d each\nwith (12) death sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Twelfth place comes Judge \u201cHussein Kandil\u201d who handed down (11) death\nsentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Thirteenth place comes three Judges, each handed down (8) death sentences,\nnamely: Judge \u201cFathy Al-Baioumy\u201d, Judge \u201cHefny Abdelfatah\u201d and Judge \u201cAbdalla\nAbdelsamia Abdelrahman Salem\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Sixteenth place comes Judge \u201cFetouh Elsayed Allam\u201d who handed down (5)\ndeath sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe Seventeenth place comes Judge \u201cGamal Aqrab\u201d who handed down (3) death\nsentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\na positive precedent on the legal and judicial level in Egypt over the past\nyears, specifically on February 27, 2019, a military appeals chamber accepted a\npetition by the two sentenced to death, Ahmad Amin Ghazali and Abdel Raouf\nAbdel Basir, case No. 174 of 2015 Military – The military court ruled to\nabolish the death sentence and replace the sentence with life imprisonment\ninstead of execution. We mention this positive incident because dozens of\ncivilians were executed before their appeals were viewed by the military\ncourts.
\n
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some\nof the Irrevocable Death sentences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n No<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Case\n Known as<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Case\n no.<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Governorate<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n No. of\n sentenced<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n 1<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Killing the guard\n <\/td>\n 16850 of 2014, Mansoura felonies\n <\/td>\n Dakahlia\n <\/td>\n 6\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n 2<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Bibliotheca Alexandria\n <\/td>\n 20091 of 2014 Bab shark felonies\n <\/td>\n Alexandria\n <\/td>\n 2\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n 3<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Fadl Almawla\n <\/td>\n 1781 of 2014 East of Alexandria felonies\n <\/td>\n Alexandria\n <\/td>\n 1\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n 4<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Communication with Qatar\n <\/td>\n 315 of 2014 High state security felonies\n <\/td>\n Cairo\n <\/td>\n 3\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n 5<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Port Said Incident\n <\/td>\n 437 of 2012 Port Said felonies\n <\/td>\n Port Said\n <\/td>\n 10\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n 6<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Matay\n <\/td>\n 1824 of 2013 North of Minia\n <\/td>\n Menia\n <\/td>\n 6\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n 7<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Kirdasa incidents \n <\/td>\n Case no.12749 of 2013 Kirdasa center felonies\n registered under 4804 of 2013 North Giza \n <\/td>\n Giza\n <\/td>\n 20\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n Total<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n 48<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abolishing the death penalty in Egypt.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stopping the execution of final death\nsentences issued in violation of fair trial guarantees.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cease the trial of civilians before\nmilitary courts.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Universal Periodic Review | Egypt | 34th SessionARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT Right To Life March \u2013 2019 L’organisation \u2018 BRUSSELS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT BHR AISBL \u2018 est une organisation belge ind\u00e9pendante fond\u00e9e \u00e0 but non lucratif. L\u2019organisation, bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Bruxelles, s\u2019occupe de la d\u00e9fense des droits de l \u2019Homme et du D\u00e9veloppement. Elle […]\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":655,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71,69,68],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-reports","category-topics"],"yoast_head":"\nARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT \u2028Right To Life - Brussels for Human Rights and development<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT \u2028Right To Life - Brussels for Human Rights and development\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Universal Periodic Review | Egypt | 34th SessionARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT Right To Life March \u2013 2019 L’organisation \u2018 BRUSSELS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT BHR AISBL \u2018 est une organisation belge ind\u00e9pendante fond\u00e9e \u00e0 but non lucratif. 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L\u2019organisation, bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Bruxelles, s\u2019occupe de la d\u00e9fense des droits de l \u2019Homme et du D\u00e9veloppement. Elle […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654","og_site_name":"Brussels for Human Rights and development","article_published_time":"2019-11-13T16:02:02+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-10-18T10:13:35+00:00","og_image":[{"width":750,"height":430,"url":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/E-post-750x430.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/#\/schema\/person\/a97d4016578e5091b277f9387be3f360"},"headline":"ARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT \u2028Right To Life","datePublished":"2019-11-13T16:02:02+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-18T10:13:35+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654"},"wordCount":1846,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/E-post-750x430.png","articleSection":["News","Reports","Topics"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654","url":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654","name":"ARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT \u2028Right To Life - Brussels for Human Rights and development","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/E-post-750x430.png","datePublished":"2019-11-13T16:02:02+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-18T10:13:35+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/#\/schema\/person\/a97d4016578e5091b277f9387be3f360"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/E-post-750x430.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/E-post-750x430.png","width":750,"height":430},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?p=654#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"ARBITRARY EXECUTION IN EGYPT \u2028Right To Life"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/","name":"Brussels for Human Rights and development","description":"Human Rights & development","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/#\/schema\/person\/a97d4016578e5091b277f9387be3f360","name":"admin","url":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/?author=5"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=654"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":656,"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions\/656"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.brhrd.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}